1 00:00:15,650 --> 00:00:13,549 okay hello everybody and welcome again 2 00:00:18,290 --> 00:00:15,660 to our second I will hang out of the day 3 00:00:19,820 --> 00:00:18,300 at the 225th meeting of the american 4 00:00:22,250 --> 00:00:19,830 astronomical society we're live folks 5 00:00:25,670 --> 00:00:22,260 this is it we are in our exhibit booth 6 00:00:27,920 --> 00:00:25,680 and yeah and carols with me and as well 7 00:00:29,330 --> 00:00:27,930 as Zolt lavey and soon we'll be joined 8 00:00:32,959 --> 00:00:29,340 by this empty chair will be taken up by 9 00:00:34,040 --> 00:00:32,969 Paul is going who actually helped take 10 00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:34,050 the image that we're going to talk about 11 00:00:39,410 --> 00:00:36,690 today because as you may not know and if 12 00:00:41,569 --> 00:00:39,420 you don't know you know now that Hubble 13 00:00:43,490 --> 00:00:41,579 we are celebrating the 25th anniversary 14 00:00:45,590 --> 00:00:43,500 of the Hubble Space Telescope being in 15 00:00:47,779 --> 00:00:45,600 orbit above our heads and that is 16 00:00:49,520 --> 00:00:47,789 remarkable folks no other telescope has 17 00:00:53,540 --> 00:00:49,530 been up there that long i think that's 18 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:53,550 right right okay so so this is this is 19 00:00:56,779 --> 00:00:54,930 the time we're getting started it'll all 20 00:00:59,900 --> 00:00:56,789 culminate in april on april twentieth 21 00:01:02,689 --> 00:00:59,910 and to celebrate the this auspicious 22 00:01:03,740 --> 00:01:02,699 events this auspicious occasion we have 23 00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:03,750 released the Space Telescope Science 24 00:01:08,990 --> 00:01:06,330 Institute is released a an anniversary 25 00:01:11,179 --> 00:01:09,000 image but it's not d anniversary image 26 00:01:15,260 --> 00:01:11,189 right it's one of the anniversary images 27 00:01:16,999 --> 00:01:15,270 that kickoff kick off of festivities now 28 00:01:20,990 --> 00:01:17,009 we are in a bit of an awkward situation 29 00:01:22,880 --> 00:01:21,000 folks I am doing this live and 30 00:01:24,770 --> 00:01:22,890 ordinarily we have hangouts on air which 31 00:01:26,960 --> 00:01:24,780 give us this ability to share our 32 00:01:28,789 --> 00:01:26,970 screens but because i'm streaming via a 33 00:01:31,640 --> 00:01:28,799 backpack that does not allow me to use 34 00:01:33,609 --> 00:01:31,650 the internet from the convention i'm 35 00:01:36,319 --> 00:01:33,619 kind of limited by what i can do 36 00:01:37,940 --> 00:01:36,329 technologically dreaming camping yeah 37 00:01:39,620 --> 00:01:37,950 we're streaming camping but we have 38 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:39,630 bandwidth where no one else does so 39 00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:42,210 that's cool too so we are streaming 40 00:01:45,170 --> 00:01:43,890 straight to youtube which means that i 41 00:01:47,719 --> 00:01:45,180 don't have the tools ordinarily 42 00:01:50,090 --> 00:01:47,729 available to me to share my screen and 43 00:01:53,630 --> 00:01:50,100 to show you the image so it's kind of 44 00:01:57,649 --> 00:01:53,640 awkward we also have hecklers all around 45 00:01:58,910 --> 00:01:57,659 us our colleagues that's right so in a 46 00:02:01,789 --> 00:01:58,920 while we're broadcasting people want to 47 00:02:04,190 --> 00:02:01,799 make faces at us so what I've done is 48 00:02:06,469 --> 00:02:04,200 I've taken the 25th an event the image 49 00:02:08,059 --> 00:02:06,479 was just released at two-fifteen pacific 50 00:02:09,859 --> 00:02:08,069 time so it's brand new it's just been 51 00:02:12,170 --> 00:02:09,869 put out I put a link to the press 52 00:02:13,430 --> 00:02:12,180 release on the Google+ event page so you 53 00:02:15,410 --> 00:02:13,440 can go and we'll look at all that 54 00:02:17,360 --> 00:02:15,420 versions of the image there as well as 55 00:02:20,060 --> 00:02:17,370 on the Google+ page our Facebook page 56 00:02:21,710 --> 00:02:20,070 and it's on Twitter and if you need 57 00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:21,720 somewhere else to go see it I would 58 00:02:25,130 --> 00:02:23,250 encourage you to let me know because 59 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:25,140 I've got a shaun prescott here from nasa 60 00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:29,010 monitoring the youtube oh and we all 61 00:02:37,460 --> 00:02:32,790 would be but don't unveil it yet our 62 00:02:40,490 --> 00:02:37,470 super high-tech super high-tech way of 63 00:02:43,940 --> 00:02:40,500 doing it here so with that I'm gonna I'm 64 00:02:46,790 --> 00:02:43,950 going to hand this over to oh so he's 65 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:46,800 monitoring in a minute I'm you tell me 66 00:02:50,750 --> 00:02:48,570 how they can interact with us Google+ 67 00:02:54,020 --> 00:02:50,760 event page YouTube comments Twitter 68 00:02:55,790 --> 00:02:54,030 Hubble hang out hashtag and Hubble 25 69 00:02:57,080 --> 00:02:55,800 okay we're also looking at that one and 70 00:02:58,820 --> 00:02:57,090 we will get to your comments and 71 00:03:02,360 --> 00:02:58,830 questions we hope you have some okay 72 00:03:06,260 --> 00:03:02,370 Carol go ahead okay so this is the first 73 00:03:09,950 --> 00:03:06,270 part of the m16 image release and it's 74 00:03:11,690 --> 00:03:09,960 the optical part of the image okay now 75 00:03:21,520 --> 00:03:11,700 get ready this is weird this is gonna be 76 00:03:24,080 --> 00:03:21,530 weak reflections and all that's right 77 00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:24,090 okay so what you're looking at is what 78 00:03:27,350 --> 00:03:26,010 are they looking at their soul tell us a 79 00:03:34,010 --> 00:03:27,360 little bit about what we've taken and 80 00:03:36,560 --> 00:03:34,020 why org so what we're looking at is the 81 00:03:40,430 --> 00:03:36,570 famous what's become known as the 82 00:03:43,060 --> 00:03:40,440 pillars of creation m16 the eagle nebula 83 00:03:45,949 --> 00:03:43,070 whatever you want to call it these are 84 00:03:49,479 --> 00:03:45,959 pillars of gas and dust that are being 85 00:03:52,850 --> 00:03:49,489 eroded by stars that are off the picture 86 00:03:54,460 --> 00:03:52,860 so we've taken a new image with all the 87 00:03:57,110 --> 00:03:54,470 space telescope with the current 88 00:04:00,229 --> 00:03:57,120 instrumentation on telescope the wide 89 00:04:03,949 --> 00:04:00,239 field camera 3 with c3 instrument so 90 00:04:06,500 --> 00:04:03,959 this image that you just saw is a 91 00:04:09,770 --> 00:04:06,510 visible light image in the light of 92 00:04:14,030 --> 00:04:09,780 three chemical elements hydrogen oxygen 93 00:04:15,830 --> 00:04:14,040 and sulfur the color colors have been 94 00:04:20,090 --> 00:04:15,840 assigned to the black and white images 95 00:04:21,890 --> 00:04:20,100 of those three images in the sense of 96 00:04:24,590 --> 00:04:21,900 the oxygen is 97 00:04:26,300 --> 00:04:24,600 blue hydrogen is green and the sulfur is 98 00:04:30,950 --> 00:04:26,310 red and when you combine those you get 99 00:04:34,420 --> 00:04:30,960 this nice colourful image we actually 100 00:04:39,110 --> 00:04:34,430 made a second image in infrared light 101 00:04:41,240 --> 00:04:39,120 and I okay it came out ok so the 102 00:04:46,420 --> 00:04:41,250 original image that this kind of 103 00:04:49,790 --> 00:04:46,430 reprises is was made in 1995 with the 104 00:04:54,140 --> 00:04:49,800 with pic to camera on the telescope back 105 00:04:59,469 --> 00:04:54,150 then and became this iconic very popular 106 00:05:03,290 --> 00:04:59,479 image and so we thought we'd see what 107 00:05:06,260 --> 00:05:03,300 the pillars of creation and pillars of 108 00:05:09,409 --> 00:05:06,270 creation because stars are being created 109 00:05:13,550 --> 00:05:09,419 inside these pillars and pillars because 110 00:05:15,320 --> 00:05:13,560 this is relatively dense gas that so 111 00:05:17,659 --> 00:05:15,330 actually there's a dense material at the 112 00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:17,669 top and the less dense materials being 113 00:05:23,779 --> 00:05:21,720 eroded away and being shadowed actually 114 00:05:25,790 --> 00:05:23,789 the pillars are shadowed by this denser 115 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:25,800 material at the top and so it's creating 116 00:05:30,020 --> 00:05:27,930 these pillars so that's why it's pillars 117 00:05:30,980 --> 00:05:30,030 of creation so this camera the whipping 118 00:05:32,870 --> 00:05:30,990 to you're talking about had lower 119 00:05:36,469 --> 00:05:32,880 resolution and the field of view at the 120 00:05:37,969 --> 00:05:36,479 time was a lot smaller and narrower and 121 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:37,979 it go anything that Carol said this is 122 00:05:41,899 --> 00:05:39,930 in the optical wavelengths now as you 123 00:05:43,279 --> 00:05:41,909 all know back in 2009 we sent the Space 124 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:43,289 Shuttle up there and John Grunsfeld gave 125 00:05:48,560 --> 00:05:45,690 us a new Hubble he basically rebuilt the 126 00:05:50,629 --> 00:05:48,570 thing put in new cameras new filters a 127 00:05:52,339 --> 00:05:50,639 new electronics new gyros all kinds of 128 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:52,349 things so Hubble is now a virtually a 129 00:05:57,110 --> 00:05:55,050 brand new telescope since 2009 and with 130 00:06:00,230 --> 00:05:57,120 with and the main camera being used now 131 00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:00,240 is an infrared camera called white field 132 00:06:09,550 --> 00:06:03,210 camera 3 and so we took the picture 133 00:06:12,350 --> 00:06:09,560 again and this time they saw what we saw 134 00:06:14,570 --> 00:06:12,360 this while still coming up on my screen 135 00:06:18,999 --> 00:06:14,580 we saw 136 00:06:24,189 --> 00:06:19,009 but the infrared version of the image 137 00:06:27,860 --> 00:06:24,199 which is oh there it is finally came up 138 00:06:29,659 --> 00:06:27,870 so the most obvious thing about this 139 00:06:32,510 --> 00:06:29,669 image is that the pillars more or less 140 00:06:35,209 --> 00:06:32,520 disappear and what's happening is that 141 00:06:37,159 --> 00:06:35,219 the infrared light is able to pass 142 00:06:39,350 --> 00:06:37,169 through the material the material hasn't 143 00:06:41,689 --> 00:06:39,360 gone away but the light is able to pass 144 00:06:43,369 --> 00:06:41,699 through more of that material and we're 145 00:06:47,260 --> 00:06:43,379 seeing a lot of the stars that are 146 00:06:49,430 --> 00:06:47,270 embedded in that nebulosity or behind it 147 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:49,440 which we can't see in the visible light 148 00:06:52,999 --> 00:06:51,210 because that material is absorbing all 149 00:06:56,240 --> 00:06:53,009 that visible light but the infrared 150 00:06:58,309 --> 00:06:56,250 light is getting through so it's really 151 00:07:01,730 --> 00:06:58,319 a very very different picture than what 152 00:07:05,809 --> 00:07:01,740 you see in invisible it was a lot wider 153 00:07:09,860 --> 00:07:05,819 to correct yeah the field of view of 154 00:07:12,379 --> 00:07:09,870 both the visible light camera on whoops 155 00:07:16,850 --> 00:07:12,389 III and the infrared camera on with c3 156 00:07:18,589 --> 00:07:16,860 are wider than the with pic to the field 157 00:07:21,219 --> 00:07:18,599 of view of the which the three visible 158 00:07:25,219 --> 00:07:21,229 light cameras larger than the infrared 159 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:25,229 and we also made a little mosaic so this 160 00:07:29,209 --> 00:07:27,090 is not just one pointing of the 161 00:07:32,300 --> 00:07:29,219 telescope it's actually four pointings 162 00:07:34,369 --> 00:07:32,310 of the telescope in a two by two grid so 163 00:07:35,809 --> 00:07:34,379 we made a much wider field of view and 164 00:07:38,329 --> 00:07:35,819 we really wanted to see the area around 165 00:07:41,629 --> 00:07:38,339 it one of the most important things to 166 00:07:43,820 --> 00:07:41,639 do was to get the bottom parts of the 167 00:07:45,409 --> 00:07:43,830 pillars and it's interesting and one of 168 00:07:47,659 --> 00:07:45,419 the interesting features about the image 169 00:07:50,029 --> 00:07:47,669 is how the pillars kind of actually 170 00:07:52,309 --> 00:07:50,039 disappear at the bottom and they're kind 171 00:07:54,379 --> 00:07:52,319 of disconnected from the rest of the 172 00:07:56,540 --> 00:07:54,389 nebulosity that there's more of done 173 00:07:57,829 --> 00:07:56,550 underneath i'm hoping i will get our 174 00:07:59,329 --> 00:07:57,839 astronomer here to tell us a little bit 175 00:08:01,339 --> 00:07:59,339 more about the details of what's going 176 00:08:02,390 --> 00:08:01,349 on astronomically and there but carol do 177 00:08:07,100 --> 00:08:02,400 you have any comments what strikes you 178 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:07,110 about this image well one of one of the 179 00:08:11,779 --> 00:08:09,930 big questions when the first image was 180 00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:11,789 taken besides the fact that it really 181 00:08:17,209 --> 00:08:14,370 demonstrated how powerful Hubble Space 182 00:08:19,939 --> 00:08:17,219 Telescope was at the time and what its 183 00:08:22,249 --> 00:08:19,949 bright future was going to be is what's 184 00:08:25,579 --> 00:08:22,259 inside those pillars and so now that 185 00:08:28,340 --> 00:08:25,589 we've seen the infrared image from 186 00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:28,350 Hubble at a similar resolution 187 00:08:34,820 --> 00:08:30,960 to the optical image we can see that the 188 00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:34,830 the very top and the dense regions there 189 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:37,530 are indeed it was suspected and a couple 190 00:08:41,510 --> 00:08:39,330 of stars were seen but it was suspected 191 00:08:44,330 --> 00:08:41,520 that there were stars forming in there 192 00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:44,340 now I know at one time there was some 193 00:08:48,890 --> 00:08:46,530 speculation that there were lots of 194 00:08:51,830 --> 00:08:48,900 stars forming in there and i think that 195 00:08:54,500 --> 00:08:51,840 the scientist who originally worked on 196 00:08:56,030 --> 00:08:54,510 the first image have now been looking at 197 00:08:58,610 --> 00:08:56,040 this image and they haven't had it very 198 00:09:00,320 --> 00:08:58,620 long but my understanding is that what 199 00:09:02,810 --> 00:09:00,330 they said there are fewer stars than 200 00:09:06,230 --> 00:09:02,820 what they thought and part of the reason 201 00:09:08,870 --> 00:09:06,240 is that the top of the pillars is so 202 00:09:12,890 --> 00:09:08,880 dense and that's why even in the 203 00:09:16,580 --> 00:09:12,900 infrared you can't see through them so 204 00:09:19,040 --> 00:09:16,590 that it's difficult for many stars to 205 00:09:20,630 --> 00:09:19,050 form in there and also the other 206 00:09:23,150 --> 00:09:20,640 interesting thing is that the brightest 207 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:23,160 stars are actually ablating and blowing 208 00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:25,290 away some of that gas and dust and what 209 00:09:30,230 --> 00:09:27,510 I found interesting is that from the top 210 00:09:32,420 --> 00:09:30,240 to the bottom of the pillar it takes 211 00:09:35,630 --> 00:09:32,430 five it's five light years so it takes 212 00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:35,640 five years for the light from the top of 213 00:09:40,130 --> 00:09:37,290 the pillar where the really bright stars 214 00:09:44,210 --> 00:09:40,140 are to reach the bottom so that stuff is 215 00:09:45,560 --> 00:09:44,220 sort of dissipating but very slowly so I 216 00:09:47,690 --> 00:09:45,570 have a question for either one of you is 217 00:09:49,490 --> 00:09:47,700 there been anything different about the 218 00:09:51,940 --> 00:09:49,500 nebula ssin since the first one was 219 00:09:53,930 --> 00:09:51,950 taken to get you one comment on that 220 00:09:56,750 --> 00:09:53,940 that's one of the things we wanted to 221 00:09:59,270 --> 00:09:56,760 look at right away with a 20 almost 20 222 00:10:01,610 --> 00:09:59,280 year baseline of time you'd kind of 223 00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:01,620 expect in this very dynamic environment 224 00:10:06,590 --> 00:10:03,660 that you might be able to see some 225 00:10:08,780 --> 00:10:06,600 differences now the opposite side of 226 00:10:11,390 --> 00:10:08,790 that is that it's a very large structure 227 00:10:15,370 --> 00:10:11,400 so you'd have to have things moving 228 00:10:19,070 --> 00:10:15,380 incredibly fast to have them move enough 229 00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:19,080 and it's far away so you'd have to have 230 00:10:23,720 --> 00:10:21,390 it moving very fast to have to be able 231 00:10:25,850 --> 00:10:23,730 to notice even with Hubble's incredible 232 00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:25,860 resolution that's something move and in 233 00:10:29,690 --> 00:10:27,090 fact when we started to look very 234 00:10:31,550 --> 00:10:29,700 closely we did actually see one little 235 00:10:35,450 --> 00:10:31,560 place where we did see a little bit of 236 00:10:37,340 --> 00:10:35,460 change whether that's a motion or just a 237 00:10:39,380 --> 00:10:37,350 change in that structure we're not quite 238 00:10:41,220 --> 00:10:39,390 entirely sure but it looks like what's 239 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:41,230 happening is there's a jet from 240 00:10:46,830 --> 00:10:44,290 very new star at the near the top of one 241 00:10:49,080 --> 00:10:46,840 of the pillars and we noticed that the 242 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:49,090 very end of that jet structure is a 243 00:10:55,920 --> 00:10:52,810 little farther away than it was in 1995 244 00:10:58,590 --> 00:10:55,930 so and it looks pretty clear and it 245 00:10:59,880 --> 00:10:58,600 looks convincing so we're kind of pretty 246 00:11:01,680 --> 00:10:59,890 convinced that we're actually seeing 247 00:11:03,840 --> 00:11:01,690 some motion there's some other little 248 00:11:06,510 --> 00:11:03,850 structures around that we see not very 249 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:06,520 many but some structures around we see 250 00:11:11,730 --> 00:11:09,090 that are different from the 1995 image 251 00:11:14,160 --> 00:11:11,740 what strikes me about astronomy today is 252 00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:14,170 just how much that is possible now there 253 00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:15,760 was a time when the telescopes were so 254 00:11:19,170 --> 00:11:17,770 resolution or and they did the you know 255 00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:19,180 there was just no ability to resolve 256 00:11:23,760 --> 00:11:22,270 much of any detail that we all thought 257 00:11:25,290 --> 00:11:23,770 the universe ever changed you know that 258 00:11:26,820 --> 00:11:25,300 it all stayed the same and now we have 259 00:11:29,490 --> 00:11:26,830 telescopes and detectors that are so 260 00:11:31,290 --> 00:11:29,500 finely tuned and so hot at such a high 261 00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:31,300 resolution that we can actually gain 262 00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:33,310 these insights over 20 20 something 263 00:11:38,370 --> 00:11:35,710 years plus the longevity of the 264 00:11:39,900 --> 00:11:38,380 telescope that's a great thing about how 265 00:11:42,630 --> 00:11:39,910 long it's been able to last and it's 266 00:11:45,210 --> 00:11:42,640 been improved and service so it lasted 267 00:11:48,330 --> 00:11:45,220 it's 25 years and that's a fairly large 268 00:11:50,610 --> 00:11:48,340 baseline maybe not in cosmic terms but 269 00:11:53,460 --> 00:11:50,620 certainly in human terms in astronomical 270 00:11:55,380 --> 00:11:53,470 terms it's a relatively long baseline of 271 00:11:57,720 --> 00:11:55,390 time and you can start to see these 272 00:12:01,740 --> 00:11:57,730 kinds of differences another interesting 273 00:12:06,260 --> 00:12:01,750 thing that was noticed in the very first 274 00:12:08,250 --> 00:12:06,270 image I guess we have a comparison now 275 00:12:10,770 --> 00:12:08,260 yeah we're going to creep up on the 276 00:12:13,260 --> 00:12:10,780 camera so what we noticed in the what 277 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:13,270 was noticed in the first image the 278 00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:16,210 iconic will pick to image is that the 279 00:12:21,390 --> 00:12:18,310 pillars seem to have very sharp well 280 00:12:25,050 --> 00:12:21,400 defined edges and now that we have twice 281 00:12:28,890 --> 00:12:25,060 the resolution it turns out the pillars 282 00:12:32,130 --> 00:12:28,900 have very well-defined sharp edges so 283 00:12:35,540 --> 00:12:32,140 that impression even sharper and in fact 284 00:12:37,830 --> 00:12:35,550 they're only something like 100 285 00:12:39,630 --> 00:12:37,840 astronomical unit so that's just a 286 00:12:41,940 --> 00:12:39,640 little bit bigger than the size of our 287 00:12:44,670 --> 00:12:41,950 solar system thick so they're not fuzzy 288 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:44,680 edge they're very very sharp edges which 289 00:12:49,500 --> 00:12:47,170 is really very curious because usually 290 00:12:52,020 --> 00:12:49,510 whenever we look at these star formation 291 00:12:54,090 --> 00:12:52,030 regions we see that things are that the 292 00:12:58,730 --> 00:12:54,100 regions are very diffused 293 00:13:01,319 --> 00:12:58,740 and sort of surreal we see that 294 00:13:03,780 --> 00:13:01,329 surrounding the pillars but the pillars 295 00:13:05,730 --> 00:13:03,790 themselves have very short sharp edges 296 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:05,740 and so that was in another important 297 00:13:11,400 --> 00:13:08,050 result and looking in both the infrared 298 00:13:14,189 --> 00:13:11,410 and the optical to determine whether our 299 00:13:20,660 --> 00:13:14,199 first impression 25 years ago was really 300 00:13:22,860 --> 00:13:20,670 true so is there any uh are there any 301 00:13:24,439 --> 00:13:22,870 surprises that came out of this things 302 00:13:26,879 --> 00:13:24,449 that we didn't expect to see or was it 303 00:13:28,559 --> 00:13:26,889 pretty much everything except for this 304 00:13:30,780 --> 00:13:28,569 one jet that we saw that was it was an 305 00:13:32,550 --> 00:13:30,790 interesting motion and he was there any 306 00:13:36,120 --> 00:13:32,560 surprises things that jumped out at the 307 00:13:39,509 --> 00:13:36,130 new with a new image I don't think there 308 00:13:42,300 --> 00:13:39,519 was a lot of surprises I think what Paul 309 00:13:45,180 --> 00:13:42,310 Schoen who worked on the original data 310 00:13:47,970 --> 00:13:45,190 did point out these these very sharp 311 00:13:50,340 --> 00:13:47,980 edges of these science Asian regions 312 00:13:52,530 --> 00:13:50,350 that was somewhat surprising that it's 313 00:13:54,509 --> 00:13:52,540 even sharper than they thought from the 314 00:13:57,150 --> 00:13:54,519 original and they were surprised at how 315 00:13:58,470 --> 00:13:57,160 sharp they were in with the two data but 316 00:14:00,179 --> 00:13:58,480 now they're seeing that they're even 317 00:14:02,759 --> 00:14:00,189 sure and that means what that means is 318 00:14:05,309 --> 00:14:02,769 that there's a very small region of 319 00:14:07,379 --> 00:14:05,319 space where this ionization has an 320 00:14:10,740 --> 00:14:07,389 effect where it changes over a 321 00:14:13,530 --> 00:14:10,750 relatively small span of space and that 322 00:14:14,970 --> 00:14:13,540 that space is even smaller than they 323 00:14:17,910 --> 00:14:14,980 originally thought so it's things like 324 00:14:20,569 --> 00:14:17,920 that although you know I mean part of 325 00:14:24,319 --> 00:14:20,579 the reason we did the observation was to 326 00:14:26,819 --> 00:14:24,329 come out to have a picture to look at 327 00:14:29,900 --> 00:14:26,829 and we kind of knew what to expect 328 00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:29,910 because it hasn't changed much since 329 00:14:38,429 --> 00:14:33,910 1995 and the instrumentation while it's 330 00:14:40,319 --> 00:14:38,439 improved in its improved greatly in 331 00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:40,329 resolution and sensitivity and so forth 332 00:14:45,470 --> 00:14:42,970 it's really the same kind of camera and 333 00:14:47,939 --> 00:14:45,480 we use the same filters and 334 00:14:50,939 --> 00:14:47,949 intentionally so that we could compare 335 00:14:55,050 --> 00:14:50,949 kind of apples and apples the image is 336 00:14:56,699 --> 00:14:55,060 the 1985 image to the 2014 image that 337 00:15:01,750 --> 00:14:56,709 was all very 338 00:15:04,660 --> 00:15:01,760 okay Paul's here now so so we have Paul 339 00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:04,670 skallon with us he's the you just got 340 00:15:10,120 --> 00:15:05,810 back from a press release welcome to our 341 00:15:15,790 --> 00:15:10,130 we're on a lot of questions and stuff 342 00:15:17,290 --> 00:15:15,800 that's okay we were talking about the 343 00:15:18,790 --> 00:15:17,300 image itself job was telling us some of 344 00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:18,800 the ways you know some of the 345 00:15:22,269 --> 00:15:20,240 wavelengths and the differences things 346 00:15:25,449 --> 00:15:22,279 that they found that was the varied from 347 00:15:26,650 --> 00:15:25,459 the 1995 image so what about what are 348 00:15:28,259 --> 00:15:26,660 some of the things scientifically that 349 00:15:31,210 --> 00:15:28,269 you found interesting about this image 350 00:15:33,009 --> 00:15:31,220 the neat stuff about these these new 351 00:15:34,389 --> 00:15:33,019 pictures is you've got several things 352 00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:34,399 going for it it's about three things 353 00:15:40,389 --> 00:15:37,910 that really are so much better than the 354 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:40,399 the data we took remember the first day 355 00:15:44,230 --> 00:15:41,930 we talked was with the first camera 356 00:15:48,550 --> 00:15:44,240 right the first clear the first clear 357 00:15:50,889 --> 00:15:48,560 camera and it provided at that time the 358 00:15:52,420 --> 00:15:50,899 sharpest field of view the shop is view 359 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:52,430 of what all the structure in the nebula 360 00:15:58,689 --> 00:15:55,010 was like with these data we've got twice 361 00:16:01,030 --> 00:15:58,699 the resolution okay now and that's 362 00:16:02,290 --> 00:16:01,040 spectacular because what a lot of what 363 00:16:05,530 --> 00:16:02,300 we did a lot of the physics that we 364 00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:05,540 learned back then was understanding how 365 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:08,240 the photons coming from the massive 366 00:16:13,090 --> 00:16:10,010 stars at the center of the cluster were 367 00:16:15,160 --> 00:16:13,100 actually a blazing the walls of the 368 00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:15,170 nebula and eroding it away when you look 369 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:16,730 at the tops of the pillars you can see 370 00:16:22,300 --> 00:16:19,010 these blue streamers right what you're 371 00:16:28,199 --> 00:16:22,310 looking at there is the ionized gas from 372 00:16:32,139 --> 00:16:28,209 those massive stars being ablated by hi 373 00:16:38,860 --> 00:16:32,149 there we go so little seed oil pants 374 00:16:40,750 --> 00:16:38,870 this isn't it so ok so the stream is at 375 00:16:42,309 --> 00:16:40,760 the top there really show you we already 376 00:16:45,340 --> 00:16:42,319 we already have some suspicions that 377 00:16:47,860 --> 00:16:45,350 this went on in the walls of h2 regions 378 00:16:49,689 --> 00:16:47,870 but this was the first real photographic 379 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:49,699 evidence of it that you were looking at 380 00:16:56,590 --> 00:16:52,610 gas being eroded away from the walls of 381 00:16:58,660 --> 00:16:56,600 the of the cut of the cavity and that's 382 00:17:00,819 --> 00:16:58,670 great because but you really had to 383 00:17:03,370 --> 00:17:00,829 model it you had to understand how sharp 384 00:17:05,590 --> 00:17:03,380 the edge of those pillars was and so 385 00:17:07,780 --> 00:17:05,600 when you look in the picture that we 386 00:17:09,490 --> 00:17:07,790 took in 95 and you compare it to any 387 00:17:09,850 --> 00:17:09,500 ground-based picture that's been taken 388 00:17:13,179 --> 00:17:09,860 before 389 00:17:14,710 --> 00:17:13,189 all sins for the most part you can tell 390 00:17:17,020 --> 00:17:14,720 it's sharp but you didn't know how sharp 391 00:17:20,169 --> 00:17:17,030 it was so Hubble offered that for the 392 00:17:22,270 --> 00:17:20,179 first time now with these data we look 393 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:22,280 at and we can see it's even sharper than 394 00:17:26,049 --> 00:17:24,890 we thought something about that what is 395 00:17:27,130 --> 00:17:26,059 what what's the big deal about that 396 00:17:29,470 --> 00:17:27,140 what's the big deal about the sharpness 397 00:17:31,990 --> 00:17:29,480 ok the sharpness is when you're trying 398 00:17:34,240 --> 00:17:32,000 to do the modeling ok you do the 399 00:17:36,220 --> 00:17:34,250 classical numerical modeling of the gas 400 00:17:37,780 --> 00:17:36,230 dynamics of the interface one of the 401 00:17:40,299 --> 00:17:37,790 things you have to build into that is 402 00:17:42,250 --> 00:17:40,309 what kind of density contrast are you 403 00:17:44,470 --> 00:17:42,260 are you running up against when you're 404 00:17:48,039 --> 00:17:44,480 building your model you need to know how 405 00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:48,049 sharp a wall it is a joke yeah so like 406 00:17:53,980 --> 00:17:50,510 so in the center of the of the nebula 407 00:17:55,659 --> 00:17:53,990 it's really tenuous gas ok now what the 408 00:17:59,140 --> 00:17:55,669 reason you see the pillars the way they 409 00:18:02,770 --> 00:17:59,150 are is that it's much denser gas ok it's 410 00:18:06,130 --> 00:18:02,780 like running up against a really sharp 411 00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:06,140 fog bank here on the earth all right but 412 00:18:12,520 --> 00:18:09,440 instead where I'm from in Arizona we 413 00:18:14,590 --> 00:18:12,530 don't have fog banks we have dust storms 414 00:18:16,750 --> 00:18:14,600 and believe me when you run in one of 415 00:18:20,549 --> 00:18:16,760 those you know that's a pretty sharp 416 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:20,559 contrast that's a sharp edge and 417 00:18:25,570 --> 00:18:22,970 understanding how sharp that edges 418 00:18:28,270 --> 00:18:25,580 affects the way you model how the 419 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:28,280 photons have a light how the ionizing 420 00:18:33,159 --> 00:18:30,530 radiation from those central stars makes 421 00:18:35,950 --> 00:18:33,169 it through that wall and the reason we 422 00:18:38,020 --> 00:18:35,960 care is why the infrared picture is 423 00:18:40,030 --> 00:18:38,030 important what is the diff when you look 424 00:18:41,650 --> 00:18:40,040 at the two pictures right what's the big 425 00:18:43,360 --> 00:18:41,660 difference they're still pretty it's 426 00:18:46,510 --> 00:18:43,370 still pretty dark it's still pretty dark 427 00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:46,520 but there's so many stars right the 428 00:18:50,919 --> 00:18:48,410 reason you see so many stars is you're 429 00:18:55,750 --> 00:18:50,929 seeing through that interface through 430 00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:55,760 that dust storm edge if you like and the 431 00:18:59,680 --> 00:18:57,650 reason because is because as that 432 00:19:02,590 --> 00:18:59,690 interface gets a bladed away it 433 00:19:04,620 --> 00:19:02,600 compresses the gas behind it that region 434 00:19:07,539 --> 00:19:04,630 is called the photodissociation region 435 00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:07,549 ok yeah wish to most but to most people 436 00:19:13,510 --> 00:19:11,510 like day ok but what the the impact of 437 00:19:15,850 --> 00:19:13,520 that is is the gas gets compressed and 438 00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:15,860 you make a second generation of stars 439 00:19:20,680 --> 00:19:19,250 back there alright and separation as 440 00:19:24,370 --> 00:19:20,690 from the first generation 441 00:19:25,930 --> 00:19:24,380 yes so the fact that you made stars in 442 00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:25,940 one part of the galaxy in that 443 00:19:29,950 --> 00:19:27,310 particular part of the neighborhood 444 00:19:32,770 --> 00:19:29,960 intimately affects how the second 445 00:19:35,050 --> 00:19:32,780 generation of stars around it forms now 446 00:19:37,780 --> 00:19:35,060 the thing that the Eagle Nebula picture 447 00:19:39,460 --> 00:19:37,790 in 1995 represented was that because 448 00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:39,470 when you look at the top of the left 449 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:42,280 hand pillar you see all these little 450 00:19:48,580 --> 00:19:44,450 dragon heads sticking out of the top 451 00:19:50,910 --> 00:19:48,590 those are proto stellar systems caught 452 00:19:54,280 --> 00:19:50,920 in the act of still collapsing still 453 00:19:57,490 --> 00:19:54,290 accreting gas to get bigger and brighter 454 00:19:59,800 --> 00:19:57,500 and they're being dug up too early right 455 00:20:01,990 --> 00:19:59,810 there being dug up and thrown out into 456 00:20:03,700 --> 00:20:02,000 that stores people by the other stars 457 00:20:07,060 --> 00:20:03,710 being formed and ablating their their 458 00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:07,070 nursery interface or environment and so 459 00:20:12,130 --> 00:20:09,410 that that was the first time we saw 460 00:20:15,510 --> 00:20:12,140 direct evidence that primary star 461 00:20:19,620 --> 00:20:15,520 formation affects how big or how 462 00:20:22,810 --> 00:20:19,630 pervasive or how bright the second step 463 00:20:24,940 --> 00:20:22,820 second generation of stars can be and so 464 00:20:26,950 --> 00:20:24,950 that's a pretty wild place in there then 465 00:20:29,590 --> 00:20:26,960 a lot of stuff's going oh yeah just 466 00:20:33,490 --> 00:20:29,600 about any of these h 2 regions really 467 00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:33,500 are very dynamic environments I have a 468 00:20:38,680 --> 00:20:36,310 question that I wanted to ask you before 469 00:20:41,380 --> 00:20:38,690 and I'm not sure if anybody asked you 470 00:20:43,480 --> 00:20:41,390 but in some of these places you know 471 00:20:45,490 --> 00:20:43,490 were you afte after the original 472 00:20:48,010 --> 00:20:45,500 observation and we did pillars of 473 00:20:49,780 --> 00:20:48,020 creation and star formation we started 474 00:20:52,150 --> 00:20:49,790 looking at Orion and some other places 475 00:20:55,360 --> 00:20:52,160 and we started talking about the 476 00:20:56,890 --> 00:20:55,370 formation of exoplanet systems little 477 00:20:58,450 --> 00:20:56,900 fingers that your dragon heads that 478 00:21:00,910 --> 00:20:58,460 you're talking about are those places 479 00:21:04,750 --> 00:21:00,920 then going to be disrupted and not able 480 00:21:07,090 --> 00:21:04,760 to form exoplanetary systems and maybe 481 00:21:10,540 --> 00:21:07,100 other places in the pillar will or do 482 00:21:13,780 --> 00:21:10,550 you have a feeling for that or great 483 00:21:16,660 --> 00:21:13,790 question because what they note she's a 484 00:21:20,020 --> 00:21:16,670 great straight man because the the whole 485 00:21:23,020 --> 00:21:20,030 point the whole point of the infrared 486 00:21:25,420 --> 00:21:23,030 image is that in places the pillars look 487 00:21:27,250 --> 00:21:25,430 absolutely translucent right but still 488 00:21:29,230 --> 00:21:27,260 in the upper segments of each of those 489 00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:29,240 pillars they're still pretty dark in the 490 00:21:34,190 --> 00:21:31,730 infrared image but what you can see when 491 00:21:37,400 --> 00:21:34,200 you blink the two pictures together 492 00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:37,410 is that there are stellar sources buried 493 00:21:42,350 --> 00:21:39,930 in there and so we can do exactly the 494 00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:42,360 assessment you just describes that get 495 00:21:45,500 --> 00:21:43,530 you know when we originally did the 496 00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:45,510 analysis 20 years ago I think we 497 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:48,570 identified 60 to 70 possible proto 498 00:21:54,470 --> 00:21:52,170 stellar clumps right but the number of 499 00:21:56,630 --> 00:21:54,480 objects that we had a stellar source in 500 00:21:58,400 --> 00:21:56,640 the heart of we couldn't assess in the 501 00:22:00,740 --> 00:21:58,410 optical because it was completely 502 00:22:03,380 --> 00:22:00,750 shrouded right but now in the infrared 503 00:22:05,930 --> 00:22:03,390 that veil has been lifted and based on 504 00:22:07,970 --> 00:22:05,940 just my first analysis of the data it 505 00:22:14,030 --> 00:22:07,980 looks like ten to fifteen percent of 506 00:22:16,250 --> 00:22:14,040 those clumps do now have or have stellar 507 00:22:20,870 --> 00:22:16,260 sources in the center of them so that 508 00:22:22,610 --> 00:22:20,880 gives you an immediate assessment of how 509 00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:22,620 many of those clumps ultimately will 510 00:22:29,390 --> 00:22:25,110 amount to nothing and how many of those 511 00:22:31,040 --> 00:22:29,400 clumps ultimately will become a star but 512 00:22:33,290 --> 00:22:31,050 probably a lot smaller star than it 513 00:22:36,260 --> 00:22:33,300 would have been because of the process 514 00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:36,270 now your other part of your question is 515 00:22:41,150 --> 00:22:38,130 about the planetary systems around them 516 00:22:42,890 --> 00:22:41,160 right because the question is when you 517 00:22:44,900 --> 00:22:42,900 when you oblate those things when you 518 00:22:47,300 --> 00:22:44,910 start beating them up with these massive 519 00:22:49,490 --> 00:22:47,310 stellar winds are you actually I'm 520 00:22:51,350 --> 00:22:49,500 cutting off the sink of material that 521 00:22:53,330 --> 00:22:51,360 might ultimately end up in a 522 00:22:55,460 --> 00:22:53,340 circumstellar disk and that might 523 00:22:57,410 --> 00:22:55,470 ultimately become that stars version of 524 00:22:58,760 --> 00:22:57,420 a solar system there's been actually a 525 00:23:01,040 --> 00:22:58,770 number of people who have done a lot of 526 00:23:03,830 --> 00:23:01,050 numerical modeling work of this kind in 527 00:23:06,530 --> 00:23:03,840 the intervening 20 years because because 528 00:23:08,090 --> 00:23:06,540 of all the other nebulae right we've 529 00:23:09,740 --> 00:23:08,100 seen this kind of stuff going on in 530 00:23:11,780 --> 00:23:09,750 Orion we've seen it going on in the 531 00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:11,790 trifid we've seen it going a variety of 532 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:14,490 different places so the question is that 533 00:23:17,630 --> 00:23:15,930 they were trying to answer was if you 534 00:23:20,750 --> 00:23:17,640 have a bunch of protostellar and proto 535 00:23:23,810 --> 00:23:20,760 planetary systems like that in the close 536 00:23:26,750 --> 00:23:23,820 proximity to massive stars what are the 537 00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:26,760 chances how long can it actually stick 538 00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:28,800 around and the remarkable thing is that 539 00:23:34,070 --> 00:23:31,050 by that it depends on where they are in 540 00:23:36,070 --> 00:23:34,080 the phase of aggregating material but a 541 00:23:38,930 --> 00:23:36,080 lot of them actually can survive and 542 00:23:43,120 --> 00:23:38,940 where some of this act became actually 543 00:23:45,520 --> 00:23:43,130 really quite at home and personal was a 544 00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:45,530 my own home department at Arizona State 545 00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:47,930 we have a lot of different folks working 546 00:23:51,940 --> 00:23:49,940 together we've got geologists meteor it 547 00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:51,950 assists planetary scientists all kind of 548 00:23:55,360 --> 00:23:53,450 stuff working together with astronomers 549 00:23:57,610 --> 00:23:55,370 we have one of the best meteorite 550 00:23:58,900 --> 00:23:57,620 collections in the world and we went in 551 00:24:02,920 --> 00:23:58,910 and had a look at some of the meteorite 552 00:24:05,620 --> 00:24:02,930 evidence for abundances of different 553 00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:05,630 kinds of isotopic materials in the 554 00:24:09,220 --> 00:24:07,490 meteorite matrices that we see from 555 00:24:11,580 --> 00:24:09,230 objects that have fallen to earth here 556 00:24:14,110 --> 00:24:11,590 and when you look at the isotopic 557 00:24:16,270 --> 00:24:14,120 abundances of things like iron and 558 00:24:18,790 --> 00:24:16,280 nickel you find that they have been 559 00:24:21,940 --> 00:24:18,800 enhanced in exactly the way you would 560 00:24:25,150 --> 00:24:21,950 expect by a supernova going off really 561 00:24:29,910 --> 00:24:25,160 nearby right when our start when our 562 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:32,410 right because to test because 563 00:24:36,670 --> 00:24:34,250 statistically that's what it tells you 564 00:24:38,920 --> 00:24:36,680 right for your solar system our solar 565 00:24:42,190 --> 00:24:38,930 system to be caught at that very instant 566 00:24:44,530 --> 00:24:42,200 of forming and a supernova just happens 567 00:24:46,930 --> 00:24:44,540 to be right next door and go boom means 568 00:24:50,230 --> 00:24:46,940 that we formed in a massive sterile 569 00:24:52,630 --> 00:24:50,240 environment just like the Eagle so when 570 00:24:55,750 --> 00:24:52,640 we're looking at the eagle we're looking 571 00:24:59,290 --> 00:24:55,760 at old family photos right that's that's 572 00:25:00,490 --> 00:24:59,300 really well exactly exactly so the super 573 00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:00,500 the supernova you're talking about 574 00:25:03,760 --> 00:25:02,330 though that isn't necessarily in the 575 00:25:06,120 --> 00:25:03,770 eagle nebula itself is just somewhere in 576 00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:06,130 the vicinity right no the the very 577 00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:08,210 massive stars at the center of the 578 00:25:12,670 --> 00:25:10,250 nebula right the ones that are lighting 579 00:25:14,050 --> 00:25:12,680 up the whole neighborhood's the only 580 00:25:16,150 --> 00:25:14,060 stars that can kick out that much 581 00:25:18,970 --> 00:25:16,160 ultraviolet radiation are the most 582 00:25:22,030 --> 00:25:18,980 massive stars are the OB stars that we 583 00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:22,040 see that are tens 20s of solar masses in 584 00:25:27,790 --> 00:25:25,730 mass and those stars are the college 585 00:25:30,220 --> 00:25:27,800 frat brothers of stars in that they live 586 00:25:32,050 --> 00:25:30,230 fast and die young and they don't last 587 00:25:35,530 --> 00:25:32,060 very long they only last a few million 588 00:25:36,970 --> 00:25:35,540 years and then they go Foom and that and 589 00:25:41,290 --> 00:25:36,980 so it becomes a statistical argument 590 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:41,300 right so the first generation of stars 591 00:25:47,350 --> 00:25:43,610 do you have a sense how many of those 592 00:25:49,870 --> 00:25:47,360 that are in the in the region that when 593 00:25:53,380 --> 00:25:49,880 you look at any given region of star 594 00:25:55,810 --> 00:25:53,390 formation there is this Universal 595 00:25:56,950 --> 00:25:55,820 quality control curve which we call the 596 00:25:59,590 --> 00:25:56,960 initial mass function 597 00:26:01,659 --> 00:25:59,600 alright so when you make a certain 598 00:26:07,210 --> 00:26:01,669 number of massive stars you make a 599 00:26:09,580 --> 00:26:07,220 truckload of solar mass yes right there 600 00:26:12,850 --> 00:26:09,590 you make an awful lot of low-mass stars 601 00:26:15,460 --> 00:26:12,860 for very few massive ones right and and 602 00:26:18,490 --> 00:26:15,470 it's just a sliding vertical scale so 603 00:26:21,130 --> 00:26:18,500 for you to have any massive stars at all 604 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:21,140 in this neighborhood you have to have 605 00:26:27,750 --> 00:26:25,010 made a bunch of low-mass ones and one of 606 00:26:29,409 --> 00:26:27,760 the one of the guys in the press press 607 00:26:32,230 --> 00:26:29,419 conference asked me that question 608 00:26:34,299 --> 00:26:32,240 because we can now see through the back 609 00:26:38,169 --> 00:26:34,309 wall of the cavity and we can see so 610 00:26:41,500 --> 00:26:38,179 many stars in this picture is it 611 00:26:43,570 --> 00:26:41,510 commensurate is it in fact does it make 612 00:26:45,370 --> 00:26:43,580 sense concerning how big we think the 613 00:26:46,990 --> 00:26:45,380 cluster is and the short answer I've got 614 00:26:48,220 --> 00:26:47,000 right now is I don't know because I 615 00:26:50,519 --> 00:26:48,230 haven't had a chance to count them all 616 00:26:52,570 --> 00:26:50,529 all right but because of the colors 617 00:26:54,940 --> 00:26:52,580 because the infrared picture was taken 618 00:26:58,510 --> 00:26:54,950 into bands you can figure out how 619 00:26:59,620 --> 00:26:58,520 massive each of those stars is so so I 620 00:27:01,360 --> 00:26:59,630 want to get back to the point we were 621 00:27:03,610 --> 00:27:01,370 making about week we were born in the 622 00:27:05,560 --> 00:27:03,620 same kind of neighborhood as the one 623 00:27:08,019 --> 00:27:05,570 you're talking about now what other 624 00:27:09,970 --> 00:27:08,029 stars that are around us would have been 625 00:27:11,560 --> 00:27:09,980 a part of that do you think well the 626 00:27:14,289 --> 00:27:11,570 problem when you make a cluster of stars 627 00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:14,299 is they all form in the same place and 628 00:27:18,669 --> 00:27:17,360 they fall in the same cavity and when 629 00:27:21,279 --> 00:27:18,679 you look at the eagle you're looking at 630 00:27:23,289 --> 00:27:21,289 them just bust it out right there 631 00:27:24,700 --> 00:27:23,299 they're all teenagers going out for 632 00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:24,710 their first party and stuff right 633 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:27,890 they're all coming out of their nursery 634 00:27:33,310 --> 00:27:31,010 and being exposed to the interstellar 635 00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:33,320 environment the problem is dynamically 636 00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:34,730 they're not just sitting there they're 637 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:36,110 moving they have their own proper 638 00:27:42,250 --> 00:27:39,770 motions and the cluster over time starts 639 00:27:43,779 --> 00:27:42,260 to dissipate it enlarges stars go in 640 00:27:47,169 --> 00:27:43,789 different directions some have more have 641 00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:47,179 higher velocities than others and the 642 00:27:51,370 --> 00:27:48,770 other problem is they have a finite 643 00:27:53,620 --> 00:27:51,380 width and within a spiral galaxy you 644 00:27:56,760 --> 00:27:53,630 have a gradient in rotational velocity 645 00:27:59,289 --> 00:27:56,770 that causes sheer at any given radius 646 00:28:02,260 --> 00:27:59,299 what the the end oh we're going our 647 00:28:04,990 --> 00:28:02,270 galaxy any spiral galaxy the the part of 648 00:28:06,820 --> 00:28:05,000 of the the neighborhood there that is 649 00:28:08,500 --> 00:28:06,830 closer to the center of the galaxy is 650 00:28:09,070 --> 00:28:08,510 going to rotate around the center of the 651 00:28:11,230 --> 00:28:09,080 galaxy 652 00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:11,240 wika then the stuff does maybe a little 653 00:28:18,610 --> 00:28:16,610 bit further away our intro astronomy if 654 00:28:21,010 --> 00:28:18,620 we were the cluster and the galactic 655 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:21,020 center he was over there zouk would be 656 00:28:25,180 --> 00:28:23,210 moving the fastest and then mean 657 00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:25,190 accident and then you guys would just 658 00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:29,330 drift away but what that means is the 659 00:28:34,300 --> 00:28:31,730 cluster as we understand it has been 660 00:28:37,960 --> 00:28:34,310 this beautiful round cluster of stars 661 00:28:41,320 --> 00:28:37,970 get stretched out and smeared and so 662 00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:41,330 stars that form together end up all over 663 00:28:47,080 --> 00:28:44,390 the place Lee streamed out along that 664 00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:47,090 radial but you said also they weed to 665 00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:48,560 have their own proper motions to what 666 00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:50,810 causes that because getting bumped 667 00:28:55,870 --> 00:28:52,370 around by other forces and have nebula 668 00:28:58,840 --> 00:28:55,880 just randomness in the way the collapse 669 00:29:00,850 --> 00:28:58,850 happens when you take the the cold dark 670 00:29:04,570 --> 00:29:00,860 material in a molecular cloud and you 671 00:29:07,090 --> 00:29:04,580 collapse it there's always some rotation 672 00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:07,100 built into it and so there's always an 673 00:29:11,350 --> 00:29:09,170 angular momentum vector or a preferred 674 00:29:13,120 --> 00:29:11,360 axis around which it spins and they're 675 00:29:15,940 --> 00:29:13,130 all different all the stars have 676 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:15,950 different rotation vectors and as they 677 00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:18,170 collapse the mechanism by which that 678 00:29:23,230 --> 00:29:20,090 material makes it onto the surface 679 00:29:25,060 --> 00:29:23,240 requires material to be ejected along 680 00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:25,070 the rotation axis that's why when you 681 00:29:28,900 --> 00:29:27,410 see new stellar systems like this they 682 00:29:31,540 --> 00:29:28,910 always have this characteristic jet 683 00:29:33,010 --> 00:29:31,550 sticking out of them and in fact in the 684 00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:33,020 data in one of the pictures we've got 685 00:29:38,470 --> 00:29:35,330 there over that 20-year life span we can 686 00:29:41,020 --> 00:29:38,480 see one of the Jets moving right right 687 00:29:43,570 --> 00:29:41,030 and so that's telling you that that's an 688 00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:43,580 immediate sign poster says look we just 689 00:29:48,010 --> 00:29:45,710 made a style right here because you can 690 00:29:50,170 --> 00:29:48,020 see the jetta material being spat out of 691 00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:50,180 it as it tries to aggregate material 692 00:29:54,580 --> 00:29:52,430 down into the star and into the 693 00:29:57,280 --> 00:29:54,590 protoplanetary disk that ultimately 694 00:30:00,040 --> 00:29:57,290 becomes the solar system as you can see 695 00:30:02,290 --> 00:30:00,050 in front of the camera right now Thank 696 00:30:05,980 --> 00:30:02,300 You salt but our high-tech high-tech 697 00:30:07,390 --> 00:30:05,990 wizardry here so said something about 698 00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:07,400 the pillar or knows carol they said 699 00:30:11,920 --> 00:30:08,510 something about the pillars being five 700 00:30:13,780 --> 00:30:11,930 light years or so the line is long yeah 701 00:30:18,310 --> 00:30:13,790 what how big would you say the whole 702 00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:18,320 reason in teh area um the the cluster 703 00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:19,490 itself if you look at a typical 704 00:30:22,690 --> 00:30:21,440 ground-based picture the pillars 705 00:30:24,370 --> 00:30:22,700 themselves are 706 00:30:26,980 --> 00:30:24,380 really quite small compared to the rest 707 00:30:29,260 --> 00:30:26,990 of the cavity so if that's you know if 708 00:30:31,150 --> 00:30:29,270 the fit if the pillow length is 5 I 709 00:30:35,470 --> 00:30:31,160 would say the club the cluster has to be 710 00:30:36,940 --> 00:30:35,480 a good 40 or 50 light years across and I 711 00:30:38,650 --> 00:30:36,950 predict a lot of planets coming out of 712 00:30:39,970 --> 00:30:38,660 this one too I don't know seems to me 713 00:30:41,770 --> 00:30:39,980 like there'll be a lot of them coming 714 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:41,780 out of there so let's get back to the 715 00:30:47,380 --> 00:30:44,810 image itself you can you give us some 716 00:30:49,180 --> 00:30:47,390 idea of how many uh orbits things like 717 00:30:50,650 --> 00:30:49,190 that maybe went into it some some some 718 00:30:52,210 --> 00:30:50,660 images like that you have any rough ID 719 00:30:53,170 --> 00:30:52,220 dogged if you don't know it off the top 720 00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:53,180 of your head I just like to give people 721 00:30:59,350 --> 00:30:55,010 sense of how long it took to put 722 00:31:03,130 --> 00:30:59,360 together age 20 isn't it let's see for 723 00:31:06,370 --> 00:31:03,140 pointings three filters for pointing and 724 00:31:08,230 --> 00:31:06,380 you've is two filters / pointing and 725 00:31:11,410 --> 00:31:08,240 infrared and I believe we were able to 726 00:31:18,010 --> 00:31:11,420 fit both infrared pointing filters in 727 00:31:20,970 --> 00:31:18,020 one orbit so that was like four bits for 728 00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:20,980 the or less for the infrared and 729 00:31:26,740 --> 00:31:23,810 pretense for was 12 orbits for the you 730 00:31:30,580 --> 00:31:26,750 biz so you know 15 orbits or so I 731 00:31:32,980 --> 00:31:30,590 believe we had 15 orbits for it is an 732 00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:32,990 out is an hour and a half right fully an 733 00:31:37,750 --> 00:31:34,970 hour and a half but you only have 40 to 734 00:31:40,210 --> 00:31:37,760 50 minutes within the orbit to actually 735 00:31:42,130 --> 00:31:40,220 no unfortunately none the continuous 736 00:31:44,140 --> 00:31:42,140 being zone so there's all kinds of 737 00:31:47,290 --> 00:31:44,150 overheads with switching filters and 738 00:31:48,850 --> 00:31:47,300 switching pointing so you but it worked 739 00:31:53,590 --> 00:31:48,860 out okay I mean we had enough time to 740 00:31:55,180 --> 00:31:53,600 get a decent decent images a point that 741 00:31:58,480 --> 00:31:55,190 needs to be made concerning the original 742 00:32:00,340 --> 00:31:58,490 data is that in that set those are very 743 00:32:03,490 --> 00:32:00,350 comparable exposure times to what we did 744 00:32:07,090 --> 00:32:03,500 20 years ago but we get 10 times deeper 745 00:32:08,860 --> 00:32:07,100 right which is very cool and what and 746 00:32:10,930 --> 00:32:08,870 what that illustre you know you've got 747 00:32:13,120 --> 00:32:10,940 the infrared channel you've got twice 748 00:32:15,040 --> 00:32:13,130 the resolution and you're going deeper 749 00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:15,050 in the same exposure time what that 750 00:32:20,740 --> 00:32:17,570 illustrates is how much better hubble 751 00:32:22,570 --> 00:32:20,750 became as a facility in the 25 years we 752 00:32:24,550 --> 00:32:22,580 touch on that at the beginning yeah it's 753 00:32:27,220 --> 00:32:24,560 like the advantage we have of Hubble 754 00:32:29,050 --> 00:32:27,230 beings not only a closer North orbit 755 00:32:30,130 --> 00:32:29,060 Earth orbit but also the about the fact 756 00:32:32,259 --> 00:32:30,140 that it was designed with the Space 757 00:32:34,389 --> 00:32:32,269 Shuttle in mind to repair it has 758 00:32:36,310 --> 00:32:34,399 we made Hubble one of the most amazing 759 00:32:38,889 --> 00:32:36,320 long longest-lived instruments we've 760 00:32:40,810 --> 00:32:38,899 ever had so let me turn to Ishaan CP 761 00:32:43,239 --> 00:32:40,820 sound anything nothing on the social 762 00:32:44,979 --> 00:32:43,249 media things okay all right well you 763 00:32:46,029 --> 00:32:44,989 guys have any final comments on anything 764 00:32:49,449 --> 00:32:46,039 you want to mention that we haven't 765 00:32:51,099 --> 00:32:49,459 covered here I I think there's still an 766 00:32:53,409 --> 00:32:51,109 awful lot of science to pull out of that 767 00:32:55,839 --> 00:32:53,419 those data and I've already told Saul I 768 00:32:58,119 --> 00:32:55,849 want to write a paper on this because we 769 00:33:00,129 --> 00:32:58,129 have the ability to go in there look at 770 00:33:01,959 --> 00:33:00,139 those stellar populations look at how 771 00:33:04,299 --> 00:33:01,969 much sharper that interface is redo the 772 00:33:06,310 --> 00:33:04,309 calculations about the gas dynamics in 773 00:33:08,109 --> 00:33:06,320 the nebula and really understand what 774 00:33:10,449 --> 00:33:08,119 the stellar environment stellar 775 00:33:12,009 --> 00:33:10,459 formation environment in in this nebula 776 00:33:14,349 --> 00:33:12,019 looks like and these new data really 777 00:33:15,879 --> 00:33:14,359 gives us gives us that chance sounds 778 00:33:18,069 --> 00:33:15,889 exciting thank you Paul I appreciate 779 00:33:21,009 --> 00:33:18,079 your time for coming by congratulations 780 00:33:23,499 --> 00:33:21,019 on a great release this was awesome oh I 781 00:33:26,979 --> 00:33:23,509 just wanted I'm trying to load the image 782 00:33:31,239 --> 00:33:26,989 of the entire region and so if you look 783 00:33:34,449 --> 00:33:31,249 up m16 astronomy if you look up m16 784 00:33:39,729 --> 00:33:34,459 you'll get the m16 rifle but if you want 785 00:33:42,099 --> 00:33:39,739 to know about m16 astronomy our nebula 786 00:33:44,979 --> 00:33:42,109 I'm 16 nebi oh look up there are some 787 00:33:47,079 --> 00:33:44,989 images of the entire region which I'm 788 00:33:51,449 --> 00:33:47,089 going I actually got the image to loads 789 00:33:56,879 --> 00:33:51,459 all I'll show you it right now okay so 790 00:34:03,149 --> 00:33:56,889 okay so yeah we're looking at the wider 791 00:34:07,449 --> 00:34:05,649 so you can see that the pillar we're 792 00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:07,459 looking pillars were looking at a really 793 00:34:12,609 --> 00:34:10,250 very small part of that entire complex 794 00:34:14,559 --> 00:34:12,619 region and there's other pillars in 795 00:34:16,839 --> 00:34:14,569 there there's another pillar that that 796 00:34:19,649 --> 00:34:16,849 we took Hubble images of a number of 797 00:34:21,789 --> 00:34:19,659 years ago with the ACS camera and 798 00:34:23,589 --> 00:34:21,799 comparable you know comparable 799 00:34:27,579 --> 00:34:23,599 structures very interesting structures 800 00:34:29,409 --> 00:34:27,589 and I just wanted to kind of say that 801 00:34:31,720 --> 00:34:29,419 one of the reasons we took this image 802 00:34:34,450 --> 00:34:31,730 was too kind of book in the project to 803 00:34:36,309 --> 00:34:34,460 the Hubble mission so it's almost 25 804 00:34:38,379 --> 00:34:36,319 years it's been an operation that says 805 00:34:40,850 --> 00:34:38,389 Paul said I think that that's an 806 00:34:43,370 --> 00:34:40,860 eternity for a space mission really 807 00:34:46,280 --> 00:34:43,380 many space missions only last months two 808 00:34:48,640 --> 00:34:46,290 years and Hubble's been because of the 809 00:34:50,870 --> 00:34:48,650 ability to service it it's been not only 810 00:34:53,180 --> 00:34:50,880 operating for this amount of time but 811 00:34:56,570 --> 00:34:53,190 has been improved it's much better than 812 00:34:58,250 --> 00:34:56,580 it was when it first started and it's 813 00:35:00,140 --> 00:34:58,260 stayed competitive with the rest of 814 00:35:02,690 --> 00:35:00,150 astronomy it's been still in the 815 00:35:05,060 --> 00:35:02,700 forefront of astronomy even though it's 816 00:35:08,390 --> 00:35:05,070 25 years old which is no old even for a 817 00:35:10,250 --> 00:35:08,400 ground-based telescope really so that's 818 00:35:12,020 --> 00:35:10,260 the one of the primary reasons we did 819 00:35:14,030 --> 00:35:12,030 this image and we want to highlight the 820 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:14,040 history the mission and we thought it'd 821 00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:17,010 be a good way to do that so I want to 822 00:35:19,370 --> 00:35:18,210 thank all you guys for joining us has 823 00:35:21,290 --> 00:35:19,380 been a lot of fun thanks for joining us 824 00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:21,300 Paul oh this is really great yeah this 825 00:35:31,010 --> 00:35:26,910 is unfun yeah congratulations yes I got 826 00:35:32,240 --> 00:35:31,020 there I've got the link on we got a lot 827 00:35:35,180 --> 00:35:32,250 of stuff for you to download so we hope 828 00:35:36,560 --> 00:35:35,190 you'll do that and we care hope you'll 829 00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:36,570 join us our next hangout will be at 830 00:35:40,400 --> 00:35:38,160 four-thirty pacific time where Carol and 831 00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:40,410 I will do a recap of the double AAS 832 00:35:44,030 --> 00:35:41,700 meeting today some of the things that we 833 00:35:45,170 --> 00:35:44,040 found interesting for about 15 or 20 834 00:35:47,300 --> 00:35:45,180 minutes we'll sit and chat about the end 835 00:35:48,770 --> 00:35:47,310 of the day and so we hope you'll join